HTTPWTF. Tidak biasa dalam protokol konvensional

Approx. terjemahan. : Artikel ini ditulis oleh penulis Open Source HTTP Toolkit , dirancang untuk menyelidiki dan mengubah lalu lintas HTTP (S) untuk keperluan debugging dan pengujian. Materi berisi fitur luar biasa dari standar HTTP, yang telah hidup bersama kami selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi tidak semua orang menebak tentang keberadaannya.





Protokol HTTP sangat penting untuk semua pengembangan modern, dari frontend hingga backend hingga sistem seluler. Tapi seperti standar dewasa lainnya yang tersebar luas, ia memiliki beberapa kerangka aneh yang tersimpan di lemari.





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Connection: upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Key: x3JJHMbDL1EzLkh9GBhXDw==
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Origin: http://example.com
      
      



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